How to Write a Theology Paper

How to Write a Theology Paper? Writing theology paper demands not only the subject knowledge, but also analytical abilities and specific writing skills. To write the theology paper in effective way you need to listen carefully to your supervisor or professor. Possibly, they will offer some key words, assisting to disclose the main idea of the paper. Theology paper expects special academic formatting with citations and references organized in proper way. You can ask yourself subsidiary questions like: Why? When? How? Answers to these questions will assist you in finding an entry point into the theme of the paper and making your work exclusive, interesting and different from other papers, dedicated to the same topic. You need to outline the paper giving the structure to your ideas and thoughts. When the direction is clarified, it will become easy to develop the idea, arguing the key points. The first your statement is thesis statement, that should sound like declaration. After thesis you bring list of points examining the problem, according to the questions set in the beginning. Then you need to revise the material and to search for interrelated concepts to develop the correlation between different subjects. Each paragraph should be dedicated to some separate thought or specific argument. All paragraphs together must support the entire argument and the key point of the work. Finally, you reread the paper, getting sure that you’ve included all the needed arguments and they are in correct order. Check that content of your work is correlated with the title, and your thesis is fully supported by arguments. By the way, you can consider starting the paper with some famous quotation – rather often it is the perfect way of launching the paper. You can reread the paper several times, removing unnecessary words and reducing the length of sentences. Plain language is always more effective.

Catholic Church Sex Abuse Scandal - 877 Words

An Introduction to the Issue Throughout the 20th Century, thousands of reports about Catholic priests and bishops sexually abusing children have been and are continuing to surface into the media. These reports have been dealt with internally by the church rather than civil authorities. In addition, the church has also been covering up many of the reports, paying over two billion dollars to prevent the scandal from being â€Å"leaked† into the public. A letter from the Vatican written in 1997 expressed â€Å"serious reservations† about reporting priests that were suspected of sexual abuse. The church has been hiding reports and avoiding suspicion by not acting guilty. Instead of bringing the issue public they have instead launched a three year investigation of U.S. women religious congregations which cost over three million. The Vatican leadership also ordered a doctrinal evaluation of the U.S. women religious leadership’s central network, the Leadership Conferenc e of Women Religious. Furthermore, bishops have issued press releases as well as reports and studies. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops published two reports on February 27, 2004. The first report written by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice included the data and statistics of the sexual abuse reports while the second report written by the National Review Board talks about the cause and effect of the problem. In addition the USCCB has also enacted the Charter for the Protection of Children and YoungShow MoreRelatedPedophile Priest Scandal Essay580 Words   |  3 PagesPedophile Priest Scandal In 2002 the Catholic Church was rocked with scandalous reports of Priests sexually molesting young children and particularly boys. The scandal is the result of numerous investigations, allegations, arrests, trials, convictions and imprisonment of Catholic Priests. It became largely reported that once trusted and respected Catholic Priests were pedophiles. 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Early Sunday morning, people shuffle in through the mahogany doors as the smell of Frankincense and Myrrh tickle the nose. Rays of sunlight beam through the stained glass windows, making rainbow images on the red velvet carpet. What sounds like the voices of angels singing praise to the lord harmoniously circulates in the air. A mighty voice roars from the altar, â€Å"Now, let us bow our heads in prayer.† This is a majestic place where oneRead MoreObservation Of A Psychiatric Mental Disorder1781 Words   |  8 PagesPedophilia inside Church Pedophilia is a psychiatric mental disorder that describes when an adult or an older adolescent has a sexual attraction for young children under thirteen years old. In addition, it is no longer a secret that pedophilia is part of the Catholic Church s history from the beginning of the 1980 s, and while the Catholic Church knew about this terrible situation did not take effective actions to solve it. 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Since 1139, when canon law stated that ordination and matrimony are mutually exclusive, Roman Catholic Priests have been required to make a commitment to celibacy. However, there was a law before this that stated priests were able to be married, but could not have intercourse with their wives. Soon enough it was replaced. Celibacy is one of the formsRead MoreSandusky Scandal Essay5270 Words   |  22 Pages Pennsylvania State University Scandal 1 Pennsylvania State University Scandal Contribution and Cover-up of Sexual Abuse OL-500 Human Behavior in Organization Southern New Hampshire University C. LaMour Romine October 2, 2014 Pennsylvania State University Scandal 2 Abstract This research paper will discuss the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) Sexual Child Abuse Scandal, involving perpetrator Jerry Sandusky; and its cover up by university officials. This research

Two Role Models Who Have Influenced Your Life free essay sample

My father was born in a town called Yuriria, Mexico. He wasn’t very rich and his parents unfortunately did not have enough money to send him to college. My dad never let that lack of money was an excuse for not going to school so he worked to go to school. He began to study medicine at the University of Morelia in Mexico unfortunately for a problem that he had he wasn’t able to graduate. After coming to Juarez he started working in a factory called â€Å"Arneses† began as supervisory personnel and over time became factory supervisor. He always worked very hard to get where he is. Right now hes already retired, but he enjoys the fruits that his work gave him and his four children. Gonzalez 2 As my dad my uncle Javier also born in Mexico but he was born in Jimenez. His parent just like my dad’s had no money to send him to school. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Role Models Who Have Influenced Your Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He never gave up and he started working at the UACH (University Autonomous of Chihuahua) the same school that he attended in that moment. He started cleaning the pool at night. After a time he graduated and got a job at the university and began to ascend in their work. Right now he is the director of that school and he’s about to become of Chihuahua, Mexico state deputy. These two people have always shared their experiences with me. When I cannot go more with my life and Im already tired of fighting I think about all that they have lived and I tell to myself I can do it. They have taught me to not give up and fight to fulfill my dreams and goals that I have proposed. That’s why these two are two role models that have influenced my life.

Multinational Corporations and Global Justice †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Multinational Corporations and Global Justice. Answer: Introduction The world has increasingly become smaller due to the globalization of companies seeking to tap into new markets and enhance their business fortunes. As a result, there is the movement of labor, knowledge, and technology across the globe to complement and meet the need of competent, innovative and skilled expertise from all walks of life. These movements take the role of ensuring that people come together and work collectively in a movement to achieve certain aspects that could not have been otherwise achieved when done individually. Increased globalization in the business world has necessitated companies to comply with standardized rules and regulations for various reasons anchored to its reputation and smooth operations. Compliance to ethical and human rights issues has become vital to organizations' operations and culture. This has, therefore, forced companies to re-align their core business activities to reflect ethical standards and human rights considerations. Those that disrespect the rules are automatically subjected to scrutiny from industry-peers, media, and the general public Besides, authorities have developed a significant interest in the human rights largely due to a wave of increased illegalities and unfair treatment of workers which includes the use of child labor, low wages, discrimination and unsafe working environment. Advocating for such rights at the individual level is difficult, and thus, the coming together helps to enhance and manage the aspects (Stark, 2010). Corporations have the mandate to enforce the universal human rights standards through systems and procedures laid in collaborations with their external stakeholders. To this effect, organizations have committed resources to align their organizational structures and processes to human rights dictates to enhance the reputation of the company and increased the probability to gain market share and acquire a competitive edge (Ronnegard, 2015). Further, in a bid to uphold the rights of its employees, the company achieves motivation and high productivity from its workers through some of the below-discussed practices. Impartiality and Fairness All staff ought to be subjected to equal standards of treatment without favoritism or discrimination. Practicing these ethical standards ensures the human rights to fair treatment is not interfered with in any way. This measure is vital to the organization's unity and morale towards a common goal and objective. Unfair and impartial treatment undermines the human rights, and people feel out of the place which affects their freedom (Valdman, 2009). Thus, every business organization is expected to consider this ethical aspect and ensure that it treats its employees fairly. Organizations practice transparency through sharing information openly within and without the company. Part of the information pertains the procurement activities of the organization, recruitment, and promotions. Nevertheless, confidential information of the company is reserved for security, competitive purposes and privacy of its employees. By being transparent, companies present an opportunity to the general to scrutinize and evaluate the dealings. The media also plays a watchdog role in examining corporate organizations and revealing any unethical conducts. Restricting people from accessing the organization's information hampers the rights of people (Scherer, 2015). Therefore, every business organization is expected to practice this ethical issue to ensure that all the stakeholders have information regarding the organization. Ethics demand for the organization to provide its employees with protective gears to prevent them against burns, cuts and other forms of injuries. This measure is consistent with the human rights to health and safety in a working environment. Every business organization must establish and understand all the safety issues that exist in every job position and put in place every required safety measures to ensure that employees are safe (Snyder, 2009). Some of these actions include the providing the workers with the necessary protective gear to enhance their safety. Every business organization must ensure that the employees are working in the safe and comfortable conditions. Preservation of employees privacy Telecommunication companies are at a high risk of violating the rights to privacy of their clients and workers due to pressure from authorities. Accessing of private information and tapping to the conversation of people is a massive breach of their security because it exposes the affected to fraudsters and cyber crimes. Such a case violates the privacy rights of people (Powell Zwolinski, 2012). Example, Internet companies including Google have resisted the pressure from security agencies to allow access to private data and information of its customers is thereby compromising their safety making them vulnerable (Zwolinski, 2007). Organizations have human resource management that endeavors to investigate into their employee's frustrations and addressing their concerns to achieve maximum productivity from their labor and equally sort their rights (Strudler, 2017). Further, it is through this functionality that the culture of ethics is cultivated in the organization through rules, regulations, and systems supporting standards best practices. This is critical in helping the companies grow to increase the productivity of people which in turn improves the profitability of the organization. The corporate social responsibility is practicing ethics, fairness, and generosity to both the internal and external stakeholders to the organization. Ethics demand the team to reciprocate for the hospitality of the host communities through rolling various projects including infrastructure, enlightening the locals on new issues including health and education. The company donates resources and knowledge to the host community in a bid to improve their quality of lives. This is a positive initiative that serves to empower the community both economically and socially which upholds their human rights in various quarters. The organization's corporate social responsibility does not only help the people and community outside but also brings many benefits to the company. These include its ability to bring about the business sustainability of the organization (Lee Kotler, 2013). Ethics demands organizations to conserve the environment and ensure depletion of natural resources does not happen. On this grounds, companies are forced to dispose waste responsibly and contain their emissions so that it does not cause health hazards to the local community. It is the interest of authorities to ensure its people are not harmed by activities of companies infringing on their health rights (Wettstein, 2009). Therefore, every business enterprise is expected to be an environmental steward and activities that can negatively affect the environment. Impediment to Ethical and Human Rights Considerations Business enterprises ought to analyze challenges obstructing the full and efficient implementation of the ethical regulations which is consequential to systematic human rights risks. Among the distracters to the achievement of ethics and human rights is the cost involved to roll-out these practices. Due to this, some companies have resolved to set up their operations in countries with cheap labor and lenient human rights laws, as a strategy to cut down costs (Werhane, Hartman, Archer, Englehard Pritchard, 2013). Companies bend toward respecting and practicing human rights to gain enhanced reputation and longevity of their businesses among other benefits. They learn in the length of time how to make human rights commitment their culture within their companies and in partnership with external stakeholders. Enterprises that excel at human rights implementation over time are then able to communicate their successes and gain trust with consumers and investors (Ellis, 2007). Also, firms that are ethical and respect human rights are highly attractive to skilled and competent professionals across the globe. Conclusion In conclusion, the presence of a clear guide and standards of human rights practice enables organizations to have a level field of business activities and prevent them from potential lawsuits that can potentially damage their reputation. Additionally, companies can organize cross-functional activities that involve the leadership of the organization from top to bottom which enhances free interaction and socialization of the employees. This is in a bid to break the barrier of superiority and promote the human rights to freedom of expression and socialization at free will. References Ellis, C. (2007). Telling secrets, revealing lives: Relational ethics in research with intimate others. Qualitative Inquiry, 13, 3-29. Lee, N. Kotler, P. (2013). Corporate social responsibility: doing the most good for your company and your cause Powell, B. Zwolinski, M (2012). "The Ethical and the Economic Case Against Sweatshop Labor: A Critical Assessment," Journal of Business Ethics, 107(4): 449-472. Ronnegard, D. (2015).The Fallacy of Corporate Moral Agency, New York: Springer. Scherer, A. (2015). "Can Hyper norms be Justified? Insights from the Discourse-Ethical Perspective", Business Ethics Quarterly, 25(4): 489516. Snyder, J. (2009). Whats the Matter with Price Gouging?,Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(2): 275293. Stark, A., (2010). "Business in Politics: Lobbying and the Corporate Campaign Contributions," in G.G. Brenkert and T.L. Beauchamp (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 501532. Strudler, A. (2017). What to Do with Corporate Wealth?,Journal of Political Philosophy, (25)1: 108126. Valdman, M. (2009). "A Theory of Wrongful Exploitation," The Philosophers Imprint, 9(6) Werhane, P., Hartman, L., Archer, C., Englehardt, E. Pritchard, M. (2013).Obstacles to the Ethical Decision-Making: Mental Models, Milgram and the Problem of Obedience, New York: Cambridge University Press. Wettstein, F., (2009).Multinational Corporations and the Global Justice: Human Rights Obligations of a Quasi-Governmental Institution, Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books. Zwolinski, M. (2007). "Sweatshops, Choice, and Exploitation," Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(4): 689727.

Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd free essay sample

From the of beginning Posts Telegraph Department in 1947 and establishment of Pakistan Telephone Telegraph Department in 1962, PTCL has been a major player in telecommunication in Pakistan. Despite having established a network of enormous size, PTCL workings and policies have attracted regular criticism from other smaller operators and the civil society of Pakistan. Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. This coincided with the Governments competitive policy, encouraging private sector participation and resulting in award of licenses for cellular, card-operated pay-phones, paging and, lately, data communication services. Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government in 1991, announced its plans to privatizePTCL, and in 1994 issued six million vouchers exchangeable into 600 million shares of the would-be PTCL in two separate placements. Each had a par value of Rs. 10 per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid-1996. In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act. The same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges of Pakistan PTCL launched its mobile and data services subsidiaries in 2001 by the name of Ufone and PakNet respectively. None of the brands made it to the top slots in the respective competitions. Lately, however, Ufone had increased its market share in the cellular sector. The PakNet brand has effectively dissolved over the period of time. Recent DSL services launched by PTCL reflects this by the introduction of a new brand name and operation of the service being directly supervised by PTCL. Mission To achieve our vision by having: An organizational environment that fosters professionalism, motivation and quality An environment that is cost effective and quality conscious Services that are based on the most optimum technology Quality and Time conscious customer service Sustained growth in earnings and profitability Core Values Professional Integrity Teamwork Customer Satisfaction Loyalty to the Company Chapter 2. Products of company Products of Company: List of products or services: 1. PTCL smart tv 2. Phone v net 3. International Calls 4. Local calls 5. Broadband Wireless 6. Easy learning 7. Ip connect 8. Audio conferencing 9. Business DSL 10. Broad band Pakistan 11. VMS 12. Calling Cards 13. PTCL Plus 14. Vfone 15. Evo 3G 16. Evo wingle 9. 3Mbps 17. Evo Moblie 18. Ufone Mobile 19. Ufone Sims Chapter 3. Porter’s Five forces model Five forces looks at five key areas namely threat of new entry, power of buyers, power of suppliers, threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry. Threat of New Entry †¢ As government of Pakistan is showing liberalism in case oftelecommunication sector and opened its policies to award new licensees to new mobile service providers so threat of new entry is high. †¢ As set-up cost is in billions of dollars so in this case threat of new entry is low, but there are companies who are working to achieve licenses and approaching PTA to know terms and conditions for this. †¢ As for this business companies need a well established distributions and franchises network so threat of new entrant is high in this case. Bargaining Power of Buyers †¢ Power of buyer is high in telecommunication sector. There are six market players and players are offering different packages at different prices and a situation of price war is running. Buyers have a power to buy any package which is suited to them. †¢ Cost of switching from one company package to other company package is low. Hence, power of buyers is high. Bargaining Power of Suppliers †¢ The power of suppliers is low in case of telecommunication sector. †¢ But the fact is that numbers of suppliers are few in the market but they are competing in the market to make agreements with mobile service providers. Threat of Substitute Products †¢ Government also gave so many land lines and wireless local loop licenses to different companies like PTCL wireless local loop, GO CDMA etc. these services in future will be like mobile phone services like they are planning to offer services a lot but currently they are offering SMS and CLI services to their customers. Rivalry among Competing Firms in Industry †¢ Currently there are six market players but in future they will be eight and nine oe even more. †¢ Thuraya satellite service is offering subscribers freedom of mobility and uninterrupted service. Thurayas satellite technology supplements of existing mobile service providers, overcoming the challenges of large geographical areas and insurmountable terrain. but will also generate new revenue streams for future growth. Thecompany also continued to invest in infrastructure development andaddition of network capacity with a view to enhance services and toexpand its reach across the country. SWOT ANALYSISStrengths Largest operational network and infrastructure within ICT(Information Communication Technologies) segment. .An integrated Monopoly. Market leadership in Local loop, Wireless local loop (WLL) andfixed telephony. PTCL (Ufone) is market challenger in GSM segment. Ufone is performing well though Warid and Telenor are toughcompetitors. PTCL, Ufone’s profitability increased by 49. 2percent to Rs 977 million in 1H/FY07 as compared to Rs 655million in the corresponding period last. Competitors still depend on PTCL network either directly orindirectly. Experienced Telecom Resources. Weakness Not been able to nurture its growth around customerservices oriented strategy. Not been able to nurture its growth around customerservices oriented strategy. Monopolistic culture has further added to its complexities. Paknet, the internet service provider arm of PTCL continuesto incur losses due to poor management and lack of network optimization. PTCL-V, the fixed wireless phone service is poor. Over employment low productivity. Slow decision making including external interferences. Corporate culture akin to government departments Chaper. 5. PEST Analyis A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P. E. S. T. is an abbreviation for the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond the firms control and sometimes present themselves as threats. For this reason, some say that PEST is an appropriate term for these factors. Many macro-environmental factors are country-specific and a PEST analysis will need to be performed for all countries of interest. The following are examples of some of the factors that might be considered in a PEST analysis. ? Political ? Economic ? Social ? Technological 1. Political Analysis:- Political factors are those which are directly controlled by the political parties and Government they could be able to influence directly in any situation or in any industry. So they create a major impact on any industry. †¢ Factors that Creating Threats: Political instability: In Pakistan Political environment are not stable that is the major threat for telecommunication industry because no one knows at what time Government will change and with the change of government policies will also change. Risk of martial law: In Pakistan Risk of martial Law is always threat for all the industries and in the dictatorship they could not be able to explore themselves and do not grow as they could be. Terrorism: Terrorism is the Major problem that is facing Pakistan in now a days that is the most crucial factor that is hurdle in the growing in the telecommunication sector because no one knows about the terrorist activities. Pricing regulations: In Pakistan government dictates the pricing regulations so that influence the smooth working of the telecommunication industry. Rapid change in Regulations: In Pakistan Government is changing the policies very rapidly so that creates instability. †¢ Factors Creating Opportunities: Industrial safety regulations: Now the government of Pakistan is trying to give the maximum Protection to this sector and passing number of Laws to make it more safe and stable. Development of PTA: Government of Pakistan had developed Pakistan telecommunication Authority (PTA) so that helps in the establishing Business in Pakistan in more efficient manner. Investor Friendly Environment: Government is trying to provide investor friendly environment to give the more benefit to the investors and give them maximum safety. 2. Economic Analysis:- Economic factors are directly controlled and influenced by the financial institutions like State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). So they help the industry in giving economic soundness and provide financial aids to survive in the time of crises. †¢ Factors that Creating Threats: Economic Conditions influenced by Government: In Pakistan Although an proper Institution for telecommunication sector working (PTA) but Government is influencing the working of that department and imposing the policies made by politicians. Overall economic conditions are not very sound: Over all economic conditions are not very good for any industry because rate of inflation is increasing day by day and value of currency is going down which causing increase in the value of loan payable that is another major threat for telecommunication industry. Efficiency of financial market is not so Good: In Pakistan all the financial institutions are controlled by government rather then the head of financial Institution State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). Rate of interest is increasing day by day it is approximately 21% which is higher then any country in the world so it makes impossible for the telecommunication industry to take loan facility. Country risk of Pakistan goes to 3: Risk rate of economy of Pakistan goes to 3 out of 5 that is the alarming situation for the Pakistan as well as all the industries of Pakistan. Currently government has increased the taxes : Currently government has increased the taxes on the telecommunication sector so that reduces the income of the telecommunication sector some of the examples of that are given below etc ? Pre-paid customers were charged 10 per cent withholding tax on every new load, which was deducted in advance ? With 15 per cent sales tax on every call increased the sales tax from 15 per cent to 21 percent for mobile users. †¢ Factors Creating Opportunities: Foreign Direct Investment: During 2010 telecommunication sector attracted US $ 142. 7 million FDI which was 26. 4% of the total FDI in the country during this period. So government is trying to give maximum benefit to the telecommunication industry. Lowest Labor Rates in the world: During the quarter ending December 2009, telecom sector Labor Cost of Pakistan is very Low as Compared to other Countries so that is also an opportunity for the Telecommunication sector. Fastest Growing Industry in the Pakistan: Telecommunication industry is the fastest growing industry in the Pakistan that shows that investment is quite comfortable in telecommunication sector. 3. Social Analysis:- Social analysis is directly attached with the people and with the culture in which they are working if they try to dictate the social factors that create the threats to that industry and if they work with in the social norms then social factors become the key to success. †¢ Factors that Creating Opportunities: The Pakistani people are more social: Pakistani people are more social so they have family system and they want to remain in contact with other through any means so that is the opportunity for telecommunication sector to capture the feelings of the people. Celebrate lot of festivals like: Pakistani people celebrate a lot of festivals on that occasion they try to make contact to their all family members and other at any cost these occasions are Jashn-e-Baharan, Eid Celebrations and other cultural festivals. They create the lot of opportunities for telecommunication industry so they make calls to their relatives particularly on that festivals. Population is increasing Rapidly: The total population of Pakistan is approximately 169,248,500. The population is increasing rapidly which increase the number of cellular usage and help in projecting high profits. †¢ Factors Creating Threats: Un educated People: Low Educated people could not be able to understand the language of telecommunication (ZEM 1. O, ZEM 2. O etc). That create misunderstanding and create threat about the particular package. Corruption: Corruption is the major threat for any industry in the Pakistan that is because people are unaware and un educated but now these telecommunication companies are working on that like†¦. ? AJ NAE BOLO GY TO KAL BUGHTOO GY {Khamoshi Ka Boycott} (Djuice) ? KRO MUMKIN (Telenor) These are all campaign to educate people and develop the positive behavior in that social culture. Destroying Cultural norms: Although these companies are bringing positive change in the society but also destroying the social culture and providing the negative attitude to the young generation of the country by providing late night services that is affecting the education of the young generation. 4. Technological Analysis:- Technology is the most known word in the modern world so any advancement in the technology affects the industry if industry settles them accordingly then it opens lot of doors of success and achievement if they do not respond toward the advancement then that particular company goes into the darkness. †¢ Factors Creating Opportunities: Technology is changing the attitudes and behavior: Telecommunication technology id changing the behavior of the people and providing them opportunities to get the bright future. Impact on cost structure: Due to latest technology the cost of telecommunication industry is decreasing and they are giving lowest rates to the peoples to remain in contact with relatives and with heir family. Introduction Of CDMA technology: Introduction of CDMA (CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. )Technology in the mobile Sims is also creating the Opportunities for the telecommunication industry. This technology gives less radiation then GSM technology. 3G mobile technology: The latest technology of 3G mobile communications has been earmarked and PTA will soon be inviting applications for 3G spectrum auction. This technology will increase operating capacity and revenues by using HSPA technology. †¢ Factors Creating Threats: Focus on increasing the Coverage: The current focus of the telecommunication industry is on increasing the coverage rather then up gradation of the systems they should up grade the systems to meet the requirement of the modern world. Conclusion: The number of macro-environmental factors is virtually unlimited. In practice, the firm must monitor those factors that influence its industry. Even so, it may be difficult to forecast future trends with an acceptable level of accuracy. In this regard, the firm may turn to scenario planning techniques to deal with high levels of uncertainty in important macro-environmental variables

El HACHA Parte Medios Cultivan

El HACHA Parte Medios Cultivan Free Online Research Papers Hoy en dà ­a la campaà ±a televisiva de desodorantes de AXE forma parte de la cultura meditica de los jà ³venes y se ha convertido en una referencia de consumo. Es de esta manera que este proyecto de investigacià ³n busca explorar la publicidad de AXE en Mà ©xico para lo que se estudiarn los comerciales de manera semià ³tica para analizar la construccià ³n de lo femenino y de lo masculino, asà ­ como la funcià ³n narrativa de los gà ©neros en esta publicidad. Para lo anterior se utilizarn los grupos de foco como metodologà ­a; de hecho, se harn tres grupos distintos para obtener la perspectiva femenina, la masculina y la extranjera de la publicidad de este producto. En estos grupos foco se utilizarn 15 comerciales de AXE previamente elegidos al azar, recuperado de Internet. Para la teorà ­a se manejar el circuito de la cultura enfocado especialmente a los momentos de consumo y produccià ³n, aunque no se dejar a un lado el momento de la representacià ³n puesto que es tambià ©n importante para el estudio. Sin embargo, este estudio no se detendr del todo en este punto; sà ³lo se mencionar el porquà © se considera importante este momento del circuito de produccià ³n para el presente proyecto de investigacià ³n. Asimismo se utilizar la teorà ­a de Paul du Gay en cuanto al anlisis de las prcticas culturales debido a que se considera que el consumo del producto viene acompaà ±ado por una prctica cultural que depende del paà ­s en el que se lance dicho producto dado que se infiere que los comerciales se diseà ±an de diferente manera basados en la cultura para lograr su aceptacià ³n. Para hacer esta inferencia se parte del hecho de que cada cultura tiene distintos estereotipos y de que su percepcià ³n ser diferente aunque se trate del mismo producto y de que se trate de llevar el mismo mensaje a los consumidores. Se utilizar la teorà ­a de las prcticas culturales de Paul du Gay para analizar los tipos de interpretacià ³n de cada uno de los pà ºblicos a los que va dirigida la publicidad de AXE. Esto con el fin de poder ver como las prcticas culturales en Mà ©xico se ven marcadas por el manejo de la publicidad para introducir el producto en nuestro paà ­s y seguir la là ­nea general de su publicidad de tal manera que sea aceptado dentro del nicho de mercado pertinente. Se analizarn los comerciales televisivos para tratar de descubrir los elementos que se manejan para configurar o reforzar los estereotipos de lo femenino y de lo masculino en los consumidores mexicanos y los extranjeros. No obstante vale la pena recalcar que este trabajo se enfoca principalmente en las prcticas de consumo e interpretacià ³n de la sociedad mexicana y de esta manera descubrir como es que los valores del producto se relacionan con los de la sociedad mexicana y el tipo de interpretacià ³n para explorar las razones del consumo. Este estudio es importante para poder ver como es que lo masculino y lo femenino se configuran en la publicidad, especà ­ficamente en la campaà ±a televisiva de AXE. Lo anterior es relevante debido a que dà ­a a dà ­a la sociedad se encuentra rodeada por la publicidad e incluso puede volverse parte de la informacià ³n utilizada para la construccià ³n de una concepcià ³n propia de la figura femenina y masculina. De igual manera este estudio pretende obtener la opinià ³n de los consumidores de publicidad, asà ­ como su opinià ³n acerca del uso de estas figuras en ella. 2. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRFICA Goddard (2000) en su documento The Female gaze and the construction of masculinity expone que la construccià ³n de la masculinidad se hace a partir de lo que los hombres piensan que las mujeres quieren o buscan en ellos; es decir, los hombres crean su identidad a partir de la representacià ³n que las mujeres tienen de cà ³mo debe de ser un hombre. Es de esta manera que Goddard explica que el cambio dentro de los patrones de comportamiento de ambos sexos se basa en el hecho de que se encuentran bajo la mirada del otro, o mejor dicho, ambos sexos construyen su identidad a partir del supuesto de que tienen que complacer al otro. Lo anterior puede ser explicado, segà ºn este autor, a partir de que la construccià ³n de lo femenino y lo masculino se hace como una relacià ³n de poder en la que se busca ser lo que el otro espera para asà ­ poder controlarlo. Es asà ­ que el texto de Goddard nos puede servir para entender como es que se trata lo femenino y lo masculino en los comerci ales televisivos de AXE y como es que se construyen sus figuras en su publicidad. Karen y William O’Donnell (s/a), por su lado, hicieron un estudio con el nombre de Update: Sex-Role Messages in TV Commercials en donde exponen que, en general, el rol de la mujer y del hombre en la publicidad se refiere a la construccià ³n de los roles que se les asignan a cada uno. Estos autores dicen que en estudios previos se ha podido concluir que la figura de la mujer se usa mucho ms en productos domà ©sticos, mientras que la del hombre se utiliza en otros aspectos. En el artà ­culo de Sthepen Whitfield (2000), llamado Sex and the single decade, toma como muestra la dà ©cada de los 50 ´s y explican que los roles sociales del hombre y de la mujer estaban predeterminados por la sociedad; es decir que el hombre era hombre y la mujer era ama de casa. En este sentido los roles masculino y femenino estaban limitados en su campo de accià ³n. La figura masculina es vista como la figura dominante y con el poder suficiente para hacer lo que sea. Muestra como la mujer comenzà ³ a cobrar importancia hasta el momento en el que se dio la liberacià ³n sexual. Ya que antes la mujer es vista solamente como un mero objeto, que por el hecho de ser el sexo â€Å"dà ©bil† est relegada a ser inferior. Whitfield (2000) menciona tambià ©n que el hombre es visto como la figura dominante dentro de la cultura de los aà ±os 50 ´s. Situacià ³n que no ha cambiado a lo largo de los aà ±os, el hombre aà ºn es visto como el que debe dominar dentro la sociedad. Whitfield se enfoca en el anlisis de las relaciones de poder entre el hombre y la mujer mostrando como es importante ser hombre, blanco y americano. El documento expone à ©sta como la à ºnica manera para ser aceptado y respetado. Por otro lado no hay que olvidar que la publicidad es punto clave de este proyecto de investigacià ³n por lo cual es importante tomar en cuenta el texto de Steiner (1996). En este texto se menciona que los comerciales van a tener un distinto recibimiento dependiendo la persona, cada comercial va a generar cierta atencià ³n en el espectador dependiendo del tema que este tratando. El autor encuentra que las personas van a generar cierto tipo de reacciones frente al comercial y dice que pueden ser de aburrimiento, de interà ©s, neutral o que simplemente no tienen ningà ºn comentario sobre el comercial. Asimismo es elemental notar que la campaà ±a de AXE ms fuerte se ve en la televisià ³n por lo que este proyecto busca apoyarse tambià ©n en textos como el de Moschis y Moore (1982) en el cual declaran que se deben buscar ciertas evidencias que demuestran los efectos de la televisià ³n: â€Å"variacià ³n concomitante† es la correlacià ³n de la publicidad con el comportamiento del consumidor; â€Å"orden de tiempo de ocurrencia† se refiere a que la publicidad debe presentarse antes del cambio en el comportamiento; â€Å"eliminacià ³n de otros factores posibles† es la eliminacià ³n de factores que pueden inducir al cambio de comportamiento en los consumidores. Krugman (1995) en su texto The Measurement of Advertising Involvement nos habla de dos proceso de cambio de actitud en los consumidores; el primero se utiliza cuando hay un bajo nivel de participacià ³n hacà ­a el està ­mulo persuasivo, entonces lo que se busca es un cambio gradual debido a la repeticià ³n lo que muchas veces concluye en un cambio de actitud. El segundo se refiere a cuando hay un alto nivel de participacià ³n en donde uno podrà ­a buscar la imagen clsica en un nivel de conciencia en cuanto a opinià ³n y actitud precedida por un cambio en el comportamiento. Carolyn Lin (1998) establece caracterà ­sticas fà ­sicas, como vestimenta y cuerpo, y de comportamiento, como contacto fà ­sico, para establecer la atraccià ³n sexual mostrada en el comercial, al cual se refiere como sex appeal. Las personas atractivas son las que provocan un mayor sentimiento de deseo, aceptacià ³n social, respeto e influencia. Lin (1998) cita a la hipà ³tesis de Patzer que establece que una persona atractiva determina la efectividad de la persuasià ³n y el resultado del marketing. Por otro lado, un mayor contenido de erotismo y desnudo puede revertir los resultados y generar una actitud negativa sobre el producto. Por otro lado, Forbes, Jung y Haas (2006) nos mencionan la existencia de 2 tipos de sexismos en las mujeres propuestos por Glick y Fiske. El primero se denomina â€Å"sexismo hostil† y el segundo â€Å"sexismo benevolente†. El sexismo benevolente, se refiere a la mujer â€Å"tradicional† que proporciona privilegios limitados a la mujer en los roles â€Å"tradicionales† previamente establecidos por la sociedad. Esta benevolencia proviene de la percepcià ³n de la mujer como frgil, inadecuada y subordinada al hombre. Este sexismo subordina con recompensas a las mujeres que cumplen con su papel tradicional y roles restringidos del gà ©nero femenino. Por su lado, el sexismo hostil somete a las mujeres castigndolas cuando à ©stas no cumplen con su papel tradicional y roles restringidos del gà ©nero femenino. La campaà ±a televisiva de AXE tiene un alto contenido de lenguaje no verbal que utiliza para hacer ms atractivo su producto. Kirch (1993) habla de los sistemas de comunicacià ³n no verbal debido a que siempre han tenido gran importancia en los procesos de comunicacià ³n, aun cuando el sistema, tanto verbal como no-verbal, varà ­e entre las culturas. El autor explica que este proceso se lleva a cabo a travà ©s signos como: imgenes, sonidos, expresiones, movimientos corporales, vestimenta, lenguaje icà ³nico, y otros. En este texto se aclara que en la mayorà ­a de las ocasiones este proceso se emplea junto con el lenguaje verbal comà ºn produciendo un mejor resultado en el entendimiento del mensaje, ya que funciona como regulador en el proceso de comunicacià ³n, ampliando o reduciendo el significado del mensaje. 3. MARCO TEÓRICO El marco teà ³rico de este estudio pretende explorar conceptos en donde se interrelacionan los roles femeninos y masculino; la transmisià ³n de valores por parte de la campaà ±a televisiva de AXE y la forma en la cual estos valores influyen en las personas que estn observando à ©sta. Se desarrollaran conceptos como la publicidad, la seduccià ³n, el lenguaje no verbal, el sexismo y los estereotipos; a travà ©s de los cuales se va a comenzar a construir el anlisis de esta campaà ±a. 3.1. Publicidad: La publicidad da a conocer un producto y persuade al mercado a experimentarlo. La teorà ­a de la publicidad la define como â€Å"la disciplina cientà ­fica cuyo objetivo es persuadir al pà ºblico con un mensaje comercial para que tome la decisià ³n de compra de un producto o servicio que una organizacià ³n ofrece† . Asà ­, vemos que la publicidad es una actividad de la comunicacià ³n con la cual se busca persuadir al receptor, para que este consuma un servicio o producto (Steiner, 1996). 3.1.1. Reglas de la publicidad: Existen varias reglas en cuanto a la composicià ³n de la publicidad, una de las ms recurrentes es: AIDA. La palabra AIDA se compone de las siglas de los conceptos en inglà ©s de atencià ³n (attention), interà ©s (interest), deseo (desire) y accià ³n (action). La estructuracià ³n de los elementos publicitarios, se traduce en que en primer lugar, hay que llamar la atencià ³n, despuà ©s despertar el interà ©s por la oferta, seguidamente despertar el deseo de adquisicià ³n y, finalmente, inducir a la reaccià ³n u ofrecer la posibilidad de reaccionar al mensaje (Marquà ©s, 2006). 3.1.2. Valores de la publicidad: La publicidad crea necesidades para poder vender sus productos. â€Å"El alma de todo anuncio es una promesa de felicidad, à ©xito, belleza, juventud, libertad, poder, seguridad† (Marquà ©s, 2000). Es por lo que se transmiten valores que van de acuerdo al tipo de producto que se ofrece. Es con estos valores que se pretende llevar a cabo un anlisis ms completo acerca de cules son los que se utilizan en la campaà ±a televisiva de AXE y encontrara como es que son percibidos por los consumidores. 3.2. Seduccià ³n: La seduccià ³n se puede definir como la fascinacià ³n o atraccià ³n de una cosa o persona que provoca su deseo o afecto. Es asà ­ como la seduccià ³n se utiliza en la publicidad de AXE, se usa para despertar el deseo del consumidor. No obstante hay que recordar que la seduccià ³n se tiene estereotipada partiendo de que tradicionalmente los hombres son los que toman la iniciativa, pero los patrones cambian hoy dà ­a y la mujer se involucra ms y ms, lo cual se trata de exponer en la campaà ±a televisiva de AXE, dndole en ciertas ocasiones un vuelco a los papeles del hombre y la mujer. La seduccià ³n puede observarse por varias actitudes tomadas por los personajes tratando de hacerles que reaccionen ante un producto. Las ms comunes son: la mirada, la sonrisa, los gestos, la seguridad, la auto confianza, el sentido del humor, el saber escuchar, mostrarse misterioso o enigmtico, la paciencia, y en este caso usando el producto en cuestià ³n. Sin embargo, la seduccià ³n obedece a cà ³digos especà ­ficos segà ºn las sociedades y culturas, pues no se tienen las mismas prcticas sociales en todo el mundo. 3.2.1. Sex appeal: A partir del texto de Lin (1998) se obtuvo una definicià ³n de sex appeal como todas aquellas caracterà ­sticas fà ­sicas de una persona, la forma de interactuar con los que se encuentran a su alrededor y su uso del contacto fà ­sico para atraer al sexo opuesto. Es asà ­ que el sex appeal se utiliza en la publicidad para atraer al potencial consumidor mediante cierto contenido de erotismo que genera interà ©s y deseo. 3.3. Lenguaje no verbal: En nuestro tiempo cada vez tienen ms importancia los sistemas de comunicacià ³n no verbal la cual se realiza a travà ©s de una serie de signos de gran variedad: Imgenes sensoriales (visuales, auditivas, olfativas, etc.), sonidos, gestos, movimientos corporales y otros. Son todos estos recursos muy utilizados en la publicidad para que el consumidor se vea atraà ­do hacà ­a cierto producto (Kirch, 1993). 3.3.1. Caracterà ­sticas de la comunicacià ³n no verbal en la publicidad: La comunicacià ³n no verbal mantiene una relacià ³n con la comunicacià ³n verbal pues suelen emplearse juntas. En muchas ocasiones actà ºa como reguladora del proceso de comunicacià ³n, contribuyendo a ampliar o reducir el significado del mensaje. Por otra parte, los sistemas de comunicacià ³n no verbal varà ­an segà ºn las culturas y el tipo de publicidad en el que se encuentre. Generalmente la comunicacià ³n no verbal cumple mayor nà ºmero de funciones que el verbal, pues lo acompaà ±a, completa, modifica o sustituye en ocasiones (Kirch, 1993). 3.3.2. Elementos de la comunicacià ³n no verbal en la publicidad: Entre los sistemas de comunicacià ³n no verbal que se aprecia en la publicidad, tenemos el lenguaje corporal y el lenguaje icà ³nico. En el lenguaje corporal nuestros gestos, movimientos, el tono de voz, nuestra ropa e incluso nuestro olor corporal tambià ©n forman parte de los mensajes cuando nos comunicamos con los dems. En el lenguaje icà ³nico se engloban muchas formas de comunicacià ³n no verbal como el cà ³digo Morse, los cà ³digos universales como las sirenas, el Braylle, el lenguaje de los sordomudos; cà ³digos semi-universales como el beso, los signos de luto o de duelo; cà ³digos particulares o secretos como las seà ±ales de los rbitros deportivos (Kirch, 1993). 3.4. Sexismo: El sexismo es un conjunto estructurado de creencias, compartidas dentro de una cultura, acerca de los atributos que poseen los hombres y las mujeres. Esta diferenciacià ³n referida al sexo de los sujetos a menudo produce situaciones de desigualdad, especialmente en el caso de las mujeres (Whitfield, 2000). Tener una actitud basada en la supuesta inferioridad de las mujeres influye de manera notable en los juicios que se hacen sobre ellas, favoreciendo su discriminacià ³n por razones de gà ©nero. Este sexismo hostil est formado por tres componentes bsicos, tal y como seà ±alan Glick y Fiske en el estudio de Forbes, Jung y Haas (2006) y tambià ©n en el de Whitfield (2000). Los componentes bsicos son el paternalismo dominador, la diferenciacià ³n de gà ©nero competitiva y la hostilidad heterosexual. El primero justifica a la figura masculina dominante ya que se piensa que las mujeres son ms dà ©biles e inferiores que los hombres. El segundo se refiere a la creencia de que las mujeres son diferentes y no poseen las caracterà ­sticas necesarias para gobernar las instituciones sociales, siendo su mbito la familia y el hogar. El à ºltimo concepto se refiere al â€Å"poder sexual† cuando se cree que las mujeres son peligrosas y manipulan a los hombres. Entre quienes han desarrollado estos temas, cabe destacar propuestas como la de Glick y Fiske (2006) que son citados por los autores antes mencionados que entienden el sexismo como una construccià ³n multidimensional que incluye dos conjuntos de actitudes sexistas: el sexismo hostil y el sexismo benà ©volo. Si bien el sexismo como tal supone una discriminacià ³n para ambos gà ©neros implicados, es cierto que podemos hablar de dos clases de sexismo, en funcià ³n de quà © gà ©nero es objeto de la mayor discriminacià ³n en cada caso. El ms difundido es el machismo, tipo de sexismo que favorece socialmente al hombre sobre la mujer, aunque tambià ©n cabe definir el hembrismo, sexismo efectuado del gà ©nero femenino hacia el masculino (Forbes, Jung y Haas, 2006). 3.4.1. Sexismo en la publicidad: En el mbito de la publicidad televisiva los roles masculinos y femeninos han estado subordinados e influenciados por valores y estereotipos que vienen a coartar a ambos sexos. Es en el desarrollo de la publicidad televisiva en donde la mujer es utilizada principalmente para representar roles que està ©n ligados al hogar y a los productos de limpieza (O’Donnell, s/a) 3.5. Estereotipos: Un estereotipo es una imagen mental muy simplificada y con pocos detalles acerca de un grupo de gente que comparte ciertas caracterà ­sticas y habilidades. En general, se usa el concepto en un sentido negativo porque los estereotipos son â€Å"creencias ilà ³gicas† (Goddard, 2000) que sà ³lo se pueden cambiar mediante la educacià ³n. Es asà ­ que, por lo general, los estereotipos dependen de los grupos raciales y de conductas basadas en el â€Å"estatus social o la riqueza†, aunque hay que tener cuidado en no confundir a los estereotipos con los clichà ©s. Para efectos de este proyecto de investigacià ³n se ha utilizara una definicià ³n aà ºn ms concisa de estereotipo, ser la siguiente: â€Å"Los estereotipos pertenecen al repertorio de fà ³rmulas, imgenes, tà ³picos y representaciones que comparten los hablantes de una lengua determinada o de una misma comunidad social o cultural† (Herrero, 2002, p. 46). Como son esquemas fijos y preconstruidos se asimilan en el contexto cultural o a travà ©s de uso de la lengua por lo que varà ­an de cultura a cultura. Es debido a lo anterior que à ©stos producen un sentimiento de complicidad sociocultural sobre ciertos temas (Goddard, 2000). 4. PREGUNTAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN: PI1:  ¿Cà ³mo la publicidad televisiva de AXE configura lo masculino y lo femenino? PI2:  ¿Cà ³mo identifican los mexicanos el rol de la mujer y del hombre en la publicidad televisiva de AXE? PI3:  ¿Cules son las similitudes y las diferencias en la configuracià ³n de lo masculino y de lo femenino en los comerciales televisivos de AXE en Mà ©xico, Bà ©lgica y Argentina? PI4:  ¿Cà ³mo interpretan los consumidores mexicanos los mensajes de lo masculino y de lo femenino en la publicidad televisiva de AXE? 5. MÉTODO: Este trabajo pretende plantear preguntas y pruebas, claras y concisas antes de llegar a una conclusià ³n acerca del planteamiento del problema que hemos expuesto anteriormente. La metodologà ­a que se utilizara para este proyecto ser la realizacià ³n de un grupo foco. Con esto pretendemos indagar de manera directa sobre las opiniones o concepciones de los hombres y mujeres que sean expuestos durante la duracià ³n del ejercicio. A travà ©s de los grupos foco vamos a poder conocer de quà © manera los hombres y las mujeres interpretan un mismo mensaje, asimismo cuales sern las diferencias interpretativas para los comerciales televisivos de AXE producidos para diferentes paà ­ses. Utilizaremos 15 comerciales televisivos de Mà ©xico, Bà ©lgica, Estados Unidos y Argentina. Al inicio del grupo foco entregaremos unas hojas en donde pediremos que anoten su nombre y el nà ºmero de comercial con sus respectivas observaciones. Al terminar de ver los comerciales haremos las preguntas y se podrn guiar con sus anotaciones previas. Para realizar nuestra investigacià ³n vamos a disponer tres grupos foco: el primero conformado por hombres, el segundo por mujeres y el tercero por dos australianos, una espaà ±ola, un sueco y una alemana. Con esto se pretende analizar la perspectiva de cada grupo de participantes y determinar las variaciones en la interpretacià ³n que puedan llegar a existir dependiendo del sexo del participante o de la nacionalidad. La ventaja de utilizar los grupos foco, es que los participantes se sentirn en un ambiente cà ³modo en donde podrn expresarse libremente sobre los comerciales que està ©n observando y de igual manera van a poder aportar ms opiniones importantes para nuestra investigacià ³n. Sin embargo no hay que olvidar que los grupos foco tienen sus limitaciones debido a que son grupos creados artificialmente y a que se organizara en un espacio que no es en el que los participantes normalmente se desenvuelven (Krueger Casey, 2000). Igualmente vale la pena mencionar que este estudio tiene la limitacià ³n de que el grupo foco de los extranjeros fue reducido debido a la disponibilidad de los participantes interesados en cooperar con à ©ste. 6. ANLISIS DE DATOS E INTERPRETACIÓN Uniendo todas las categorà ­as de estudio podemos ver que los anuncios televisivos de AXE marcan una tendencia de consumo reflejado en la produccià ³n de estereotipos femeninos y masculinos por medio de los cuales se puede ver que AXE configura al hombre como un elemento de dominacià ³n sobre las mujeres. No obstante hay que enfatizar el hecho de que lo hace en el sentido del sexismo benevolente mencionado en el texto de Forbes, Jung y Haas (2006) debido a que no se encontraron figuras masculinas fuertes o varoniles, sino ms bien hombres con falta de autoestima y por debajo del promedio â€Å"no importa si esta horrible, feo o chaparro o lo que sea, no importa mientras huela a AXE y ya†. Se aprecia de igual manera que los comerciales dan a entender que el â€Å"efecto AXE† es tan poderoso que hace que los hombres no necesiten interactuar con las mujeres, y à ©stas adoptan un papel en el cual se encuentran a disposicià ³n del hombre. Profundizando en cuanto a la falta de interaccià ³n del hombre se puede encontrar que los participantes de los grupos foco que se organizaron para este proyecto concluyeron â€Å"[en el del tubo] que es uno en donde ni siquiera sale el hombre, o sea se nota luego luego que el hombre es como el hegemon y tanto asà ­ que ni siquiera necesita aparecer en el anuncio† . Vemos aquà ­ como es que se puede apreciar la teorà ­a del circuito de la cultura de Paul du Gay en el momento de la representacià ³n dado que es lo que la gente puede ver y a partir de lo cual ms tarde se habla de la creacià ³n de una identidad del hombre promedio que usa AXE. Es asà ­ que tambià ©n se aprecia que dentro de la campaà ±a televisiva de AXE, el hombre, a pesar de ser el eje alrededor del que gira toda la publicidad, es expuesto de una manera bastante promedio, mientras que con las mujeres se puede ver lo contrario, ya que â€Å"solo son mujeres altas, delgadas, de ojos claros, o sea guapas y voluptuosas o de buen cuerpo, mujeres que crean fantasà ­as en los hombres† , la fiel representacià ³n utà ³pica de la mujer perfecta fà ­sicamente, por lo que muchas mujeres ms tarde tratar de hacerse de una identidad que se apegue a lo que se piensa que es lo que buscan los hombres de las mujeres. Por otro lado, no hay que olvidar adentrarse en el tema del hecho de que, segà ºn la visià ³n de los sujetos de los grupos foco, la mujer toma el papel de aquella que se encuentra a la disposicià ³n del hombre, y en este tema coincidieron tanto las mujeres como los hombres mexicanos. Los hombres lo exponen asà ­: â€Å"de lo que se tiene que preocupar la mujer es por quedar bien con el hombre, asà ­ de que si se le quema el departamento bien, o sea tiene que correr para estar en forma si esta en tacones o esta arreglada, si se tropieza o lo que sea no importa, el chiste es estar bien arreglada y verse bien y decà ­a: â€Å"mujeres tienen que estar siempre preparadas† o sea siempre tienen que estar como a la disposicià ³n del hombre, si, como los hombres quieren que està ©n† , mientras que las mujeres lo expusieron de una manera ms brusca: â€Å"Pero lo peor es el comercial de â€Å"chicas està ©n siempre listas†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..  ¿Porquà © nosotras? [†¦ ] Sà ­, o sea, creen que por ser chavas siempre tenemos que estar esperando a que lleguen los hombres [†¦] Adems hombres con AXE jajajajaja [†¦] Sà ­, por eso vemos que es lo que nos hacen pensar que es lo que los hombres quieren de nosotras†¦.que siempre estemos listas y ellos, no importa si son guapos, feos o que†¦ mientras tengan AXE ya tienen ganadas a las chavas ms buenas y guapas† . De nuevo se puede identificar que la teorà ­a del circuito de la cultura de Paul du Gay es esencial para el presente proyecto dado que la publicidad televisiva de AXE se basa en los conceptos de representacià ³n e identidad puesto que esta publicidad se basa en la construccià ³n de representaciones, que a veces no son seguidas por los espectadores, pero ciertas veces puede ser un patrà ³n usado debido a que los hombres y las mujeres pueden considerar que el papel que juegan los personajes de estos comerciales son los ideales del sexo opuesto y se crea un concepto de lo que el sex appeal puede hacer en las relaciones interpersonales, aunque se trate de uno creado artificialmente por los productos de AXE, y lo anterior se puede ver a travà ©s de todas las explicaciones siguientes. Asimismo se encontraron ms diferencias que similitudes en la configuracià ³n de ambos gà ©neros en cuanto a la campaà ±a televisiva de AXE en el extranjero tal y como notaron los participantes de los grupos foco. La sociedad mexicana es conservadora, y un tanto machista, inclusive los hombres lo destacaron: â€Å"bueno no pienso generalizar tampoco pero creo que va mas bien como es la cultura mexicana, o sea, yo podrà ­a decir que hay gente que igual pensarà ­a hay no como voy a usar AXE si hasta le atraigo a los hombres, o sea al revà ©s porque hay mucha gente machista aquà ­, o sea no digo que todos, pero si un gran porcentaje† . Por el lado de los extranjeros ellos concluyen que quizs la falta de apertura hacia ciertos temas sea por la gran influencia religiosa, a pesar de esto, les resulta contradictorio la forma de actuar de los mexicanos: â€Å"definitivamente aquà ­ el catolicismo hace la diferencia en tà ©rminos de emm lo que es permitido o no en la televisià ³n, aun asà ­ encuentro que†¦cuando voy en el metro veo a sujetos leyendo revistas pornogrficas enfrente de todos y eso para mi es un gran contraste† . De igual manera, se presentà ³ la idea de que, el hecho de presentar a un hombre semi-desnudo en un comercial para hombres podrà ­a resultar contraproducente ya que no atrae a la audiencia a la cual se enfoca: â€Å"Por ejemplo ver a un hombre desnudo en un comercial que es para hombres, como que no es muy atractivo en Mà ©xico, igual puede ser cuestià ³n cultural de nuestro paà ­s o sea que no es algo muy natural no puede funcionar muy bien aquà ­ en Mà ©xico† En cuanto a las similitudes se ve que la principal que manejan los comerciales de AXE es la del proceso de interaccià ³n entre las mujeres y hombres, el proceso de seduccià ³n basado primordialmente en el producto, aunque no hay que olvidar que existen diferencias significativas en su publicidad televisiva para poder llegar a diferentes mercados, ya que estos tienen bases culturales diferentes entre sà ­ (aunque los comerciales de Argentina y Mà ©xico son bastante parecidos, de hecho, algunos son los mismos) y es debido a esta diferencia en las bases culturales que se intenta manejar el concepto de seduccià ³n basado en diferentes estrategias. Es asà ­ que si ponemos un comercial de AXE que pasa en Mà ©xico en algà ºn paà ­s Europeo, levantarà ­a cierta incomodidad y se le llamarà ­a sexista, y si ponemos un comercial que pasa en algà ºn paà ­s de Europa en Mà ©xico lo ms probable es que no se lograrà ­a el efecto en el mercado que se pretende. Lo anterior se deduce por el claro ejemplo del comercial de AXE en el elevador, el cual fue editado para pasar en Mà ©xico, ya que la versià ³n original al final muestra un hombre (gay) que le guià ±a el ojo al hombre que usa AXE mientras que en nuestro paà ­s, al final, esta parte fue cambiada por una mujer mayor que igualmente le guià ±aba un ojo al hombre. La explicacià ³n que se concluye para esta estrategia de mercado es que, si se mostraba la parte del hombre homosexual en el comercial de Mà ©xico, podrà ­a provocar desprecio o negacià ³n en vez de aceptacià ³n del producto, debido a que es bien sabido que en su mayorà ­a los hombres en Mà ©xico son machi stas, tal como se cità ³ la là ­nea 33 anteriormente. Por lo tanto, en el caso de la sociedad mexicana, podemos relacionar directamente la adopcià ³n de los roles tradicionalistas, por el hecho de tener una historia machista que no ha dejado de existir hasta nuestros dà ­as. Tal como lo menciona Whitfield (2000) en su artà ­culo Sex and the single decade la figura masculina ha sido siempre vista como la dominante y la femenina con un rol de sumisià ³n e inferioridad y pese a que en Mà ©xico se comienza a dar una mayor apertura y aceptacià ³n por nuevos roles, no se ha eliminado por completo el hecho de que el hombre sea una figura dominante en nuestra sociedad. La tradicià ³n sigue vigente en Mà ©xico y se puede apreciar en muchas actividades de la vida cotidiana como en la publicidad. Ahora que refirià ©ndose especà ­ficamente al presente trabajo de investigacià ³n notamos como en la publicidad televisiva de AXE se apela a las fantasà ­as de un pà ºblico joven que ha sido capaz de identificarse con elementos que muestran a los hombres y a las mujeres como seres limitados por aquellos valores tradicionales que han marcado a la sociedad mexicana. AXE apela a estos valores de una forma satà ­rica e inclusive cà ³mica al presentar iconos arraigados dentro de la cultura del mexicano, asimismo se muestra que en las diferentes culturas existen elementos estereotipados, a manera de que la mujer es vista solamente por su imagen y belleza fà ­sica: â€Å"Sà ­ la verdad es que el papel del hombre que se ve en los comerciales es del hombre promedio, el hombre comà ºn que puede conseguir a las mejores mujeres con el sà ³lo uso de un pro ducto, mientras que las mujeres sà ­ tienen que estar guapas, bien formadas, hacer ejercicio, vestir bien, ser sexys, en fin†¦ toda la fantasà ­a de un hombre†. Igualmente se observa que la idea principal que promueven los comerciales de AXE es la de la adopcià ³n de roles, por una parte esta el hombre, el cual simplemente con el hecho de ser hombre puede disponer de las elecciones de la mujer y su poder de influencia sobre ella tal como se cità ³ anteriormente la là ­nea 30. Del otro lado, tenemos la cuestià ³n de la mujer, la cual actà ºa de cierta forma sumisa, sin poder de eleccià ³n y a disposicià ³n de los caprichos del hombre, aceptando sus conductas masculinas y controladoras sin reprobarlas ni cuestionarlas. Es por lo que se infiere que el mensaje que se quiere dar a conocer por parte de los comerciales de AXE es claro y es bien aceptado por la sociedad mexicana (aunque debatido por una parte de la sociedad, principalmente femenina: â€Å"†¦y no es que este guapo, ni bueno, ni nada sino que incluso es ridà ­culo, pero aà ºn asà ­ las chavas siguen todo lo que hace por AXE† ) debido a la aceptacià ³n y congenialidad en las ideologà ­as, tanto la que se presenta en el comercial como la que se vive dà ­a a dà ­a en nuestra sociedad en general. Debido a esta investigacià ³n se puede notar que los hombres mexicanos tienen estereotipos tan arraigados que no se dan cuenta de que existen elementos en donde se rebaja a la mujer: â€Å"Yo creo que se deja llevar demasiado, y en uno que otro la hacen ver como un poco tonta [†¦] de hecho cuando esta acostado en el comercial y se esta rociando, o sea para mi, para mi se ve muy tonta bailando enfrente del perchero† , los hombres ven a los personajes masculinos dentro de la publicidad televisiva de AXE como seres con poca autoestima y que resultan inferiores a la mujer por el hecho de tener que utilizar un producto como AXE para poder atraer al sexo femenino. Aunque no hay que dejar a un lado el caso de las mujeres mexicanas, ellas vieron a la representacià ³n femenina de AXE como una mujer en segundo plano y siempre atenida a lo que el hombre desea: â€Å"Se marca mucho el sexismo porque se ve como la mujer, se ve como un objeto sexual y que no piensa ni razona, sà ³lo se deja llevar por el olor del desodorante y no se cuenta de que el monito este est feo y todo X [†¦]† .En este sentido los hombres y las mujeres son vistas como seres irracionales ya que ninguno de los dos tiene la capacidad para darse cuenta de que son manipulados por un desodorante. 7. CONCLUSIONES Y LIMITACIONES Durante este estudio se logra comprender los factores que maneja AXE en la elaboracià ³n de su campaà ±a televisiva, en la que se utilizan aspectos diversos como lo serà ­an los estereotipos, las bases culturales y los roles de gà ©nero. AXE consigue manipular estos factores para poder tener efecto en mercados diversos y asà ­ alcanzar una aceptacià ³n y penetracià ³n ms profunda. Al analizar dentro de los grupos foco los diferentes comerciales que se mostraban en Bà ©lgica, Mà ©xico y Argentina pudimos contemplar que el tema de la seduccià ³n y el proceso de interaccià ³n entre el hombre y la mujer eran vistos desde distintas perspectivas. Aunque los videos de Europa eran ms explà ­citos (con relacià ³n al cuerpo), los comerciales que se presentaban en Mà ©xico y Argentina mostraban un mayor enfoque en los roles que manejan el hombre y la mujer dentro de la sociedad. Como mencionaba Sthepen Whitfield en su texto llamado Sex and the single decade, donde menciona que los roles masculino y femenino estaban limitados en su campo de accià ³n y la mujer es vista solamente como un mero objeto, que por el hecho de ser el sexo â€Å"dà ©bil† est relegada a ser inferior y a estar bajo disposicià ³n del hombre. Asà ­ de esta manera vemos como se manejan los estereotipos para la formacià ³n de cierto comportamiento dentro de la sociedad a travà ©s del uso de estos productos. En las bases culturales tambià ©n se encontraron diferencias significativas, y muy determinantes no solo para la elaboracià ³n de comerciales de AXE sino tambià ©n para los puntos de vista diversos principalmente en el estudio con extranjeros. Esto resultà ³ muy importante ya que es a travà ©s del estudio de las bases culturales cuando se construye o fabrica la estrategia adecuada para que exista una aceptacià ³n en el mercado que se pretende llegar. Es asà ­ como se considera como punto primordial del anlisis la sociedad mexicana y como se perciben los anuncios televisivos de AXE y se logrà ³ concluir es que hubo dos puntos de vista notables que surgieron durante el estudio. Por un lado esta la parte liberal (ms parecida al punto de vista de los extranjeros, principalmente europeos y australianos) donde se contemplaba de una forma irracional por ambos sexos estos tipos de comportamientos. Sin embargo, durante el estudio tambià ©n se distinguià ³ una conducta de aceptacià ³n (principalmente por hombres) a este tipo de comportamientos, aunque sabà ­an que era fantasiosa y poco creà ­ble, para ellos seguà ­a siendo de cierta forma vlida y aceptable. Lo anterior se entiende por la forma como expone Goddard, en su documento The Female gaze and the construction of masculinity, que la construccià ³n de la masculinidad se hace a partir de lo que los hombres piensan que las mujeres quieren o buscan en ellos; es decir, los hombres crean su identidad a partir de la representacià ³n que las mujeres tienen como debe ser aceptable para un hombre. Es de esta manera que el autor explica que el cambio dentro de los patrones de comportamiento de ambos sexos depende de las expectativas del sexo opuesto. Una de las conclusiones de mayor importancia para el proyecto es la presencia ineludible del circuito de la cultura de Paul du Gay que est presente en la publicidad pues siempre ser una representacià ³n de la sociedad mediante la cual se pueden crear algunas identidades en espectadores de menor edad o con dificultades para definirse a sà ­ mismos por lo que usan lo que tienen en la televisià ³n para crearse una propia. Du Gay es fundamental para explicar cualquier tipo de prctica cultural como lo es la publicidad televisiva de AXE que gira en torno a los roles femeninos y masculinos establecidos por la sociedad a la que se presentan. Finalmente hay que destacar que la principal limitacià ³n del proyecto se dio debido a que la sesià ³n del grupo foco de los extranjeros no cumplià ³ lo que se esperaba desde un principio puesto que se esperaba una mayor asistencia. Aunque el contenido fue significativo para el presente proyecto se esperaba un mayor nà ºmero de asistentes para obtener un debate ms diverso con respecto a puntos de vista desde diferentes bases culturales y que este fuera una muestra ms representativa. 8. REFERENCES: Forbes, G. B., Jung, J., Haas, K. B. (2006). Benevolent Sexism and Cosmetic Use: A Replication With Three College Samples and One Adult Sample. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(5), 635-640. Recuperado el 3 de noviembre de 2006, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0190-2725%28200003%2963%3A1%3C34%3ATABFTG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Goddard, K. (2000). The Female gaze and the construction of masculinity. The Journal of Men’s Studies, Volume 9 (Number 1), pp.23-39. Recuperado el 24 de octubre, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28199305%2998%3A6%3C1468%3AMMATM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z Herrero, J.C. (2002). La teorà ­a del estereotipo aplicada a un campo de la fraseologà ­a: las locuciones expresivas francesas y espaà ±olas. Recuperado el 28 de octubre de 2006, de: ucm.es/info/especulo/numero32/teoreste.html Kirch, M.S. (1993). Language, Communication, and Culture. The Modern Language Journal, Volume 57 (Number 7), 340-343. Recuperado el 25 de octubre, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-7902%28197311%2957%3A7%3C340%3ALCAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 Krueger, R.A. Casey, M.A. (2000). Focus Groups; a practical guide for applied research. 3rd edition, Sage publications Krugman, H. (1995). The Measurement of Advertising Involvement. â€Å"The Impact of Television Advertising: Learning Without Involvement†. Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 29, pp.583-596. Recuperado el 22 de octubre de 2006, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-362X%28196624%2F196724%2930%3A4%3C583%3ATMOAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 Lerma, C.A. (1996). Seduccià ³n en la television. Socializacià ³n mediante comunicaciones inadvertidas. Publicacià ³n ITESM Campus Monterrey, pp.277-279. Barcelona:Paidà ³s. Recuperado el 27 de octubre de 2006, de: http://biblioteca.itesm.mx/3.0/contenidos_salta2.php?col_id=doctec Lin, C.A. (1998). Uses of sex appeals in prime-time television commercials. Sex Roles, Academic Research Library database 38(5/6), 461-475. Recuperado el 10 de octubre de 2006 de, Document ID: 28517118. Marquà ©s, G. (2006) La publicidad y la propaganda. Recuperado el 25 de octubre de 2006, de: http://dewey.uab.es/pmarques/pumulti.htm Moschis, G. Moore, R. (1982). A Longitudinal Study of Television Advertising Effects. Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 9, pp. 279-286.Recuperado el 13 de octubre de 2006, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0093-5301%28198212%299%3A3%3C279%3AALSOTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z O’Donnell, W. J. O’Donnell, K. J. (s/a). Update: Sex-Role Messages in TV Commercials. What does ‘She’ mean?, pp.156- 158. Recuperado el 16 de octubre, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0360-0572%281979%295%3C193%3ASOMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 Ridgeway, C. (1999). The gender system and interaction. Annual Reviews, Volume 25 (Number), pp 191-296. Recuperado el 25 de octubre, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0360-0572%281999%2925%3C191%3ATGSAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E Schmitt, L. Rioux, D. (1998). Sex Typing and Consumer Behavior: A test of gender schema theory. The Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 15, (Number 1), pp.122-128. Recuperado el 16 de octubre de 2006, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0093-5301%28198806%2915%3A1%3C122%3ASTACBA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R Steiner, G.A. (1996). The people look at commercials: A study of audience behaviour. The Journal of Business, Volume 39 (Number 2), pp. 272-304. Recuperado el 17 de octubre de 2006, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00219398%28196604%2939%3A2%3C272%3ATPLACA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Whitfield, S. J. (2000). Sex and the single decade. American Literary History, Volume 12 (Number 4), pp. 771-779. Recuperado el 17 de octubre de 2006, de: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=08967148%28200024%2912%3A4%3C771%3ASATSD%3E2.0.CO%3B-2 Research Papers on El HACHA Parte Medios CultivanThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaWhere Wild and West Meet

Legislative initiative plan from Senator Anirete Flores -strategies Assignment

Legislative initiative plan from Senator Anirete Flores -strategies for Nursing - Assignment Example ption of this framework would illustrate a significant shifting in emphasizing from an illness based health care system to a better-based system that focuses on prevention of chronic and illness disease by addressing the social determinants of health. The choice of the elected official was based on the qualifications and the ability to handle the required task. The selection was based on the official’s understanding of social determinants of health in general. The reason for choosing this official was attributed to the senate role in the legislative chamber besides being a part of the U.S. Congress. Choosing the official provided assurance of handling the issue effectively. For instant, it was only through the chosen senator that funds could be allocated to tobacco-related disease research in Florida. It is expected the funds would offer support to an intervention program of smoking for those who fall into the category of low income, for instance, women from Spain. The funds were meant to assist women who had just given birth to avoid smoking. The volunteer duties were mainly to work with the official in an effort to solve the problem. The first role was to make the problem known to the public and the senate in particular. It was also the volunteers’ role to initiate volunteering activities that would implicate the degree of the situation by encouraging those in need or faced by the problem by addressing what results to such problems (Canadian Medical Association , 2013). It was also the role of the volunteers to excavate the problem particularly to the senator. The senator was meant to address the problem based on the existing healthy polices, which entails the plans, decision, as well as actions undertaken to reach the intended health care goal. In this regard, problems in the Public Health Policy was considered as a major policy issue that could be addressed effectively by the selected official (Killian, 2015). The senator was seen as a good advocate

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A comparison of the environmental effects of using nuclear energy and coal energy - Essay Example A comparison of the environmental effects of using nuclear energy and coal energy Since the year 1974, there has been no new ground breaking for setting up new nuclear power plants although a number of nuclear reactor units have been constructed at these plants. However, there has recently been a revival of interest in nuclear energy and this new interest has largely been fostered by the Nuclear Power 2010 Program, which was established in the year 2000. There has been an increase in the number of nuclear reactors being constructed since 2010 in existing power plants, such as the one at Watts Bar, Tennessee. In spite of the resurgence of interest in nuclear energy, most of the projects, which have been set up for the construction of nuclear reactors have been recently cancelled. This is mainly due to the economic challenges that are currently gripping the nation as well as the negative reaction that came in the wake of the recent nuclear accidents in Japan. Officials in the nuclear industry state that they only expect about five new nuclear reactors to be working in the next eight years because of the hindrances, which have made most of their projects to stall. Since the beginning of its usage, there has been a lot of debate about the use of nuclear power in the United States and this has recently intensified due to talk of a coming renaissance in the use of nuclear energy (Terzo 1). Some of the most hotly debated issues concerning the use of nuclear energy have been matters concerning the public safety.

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Types Of Communication Essay Communication always has a specific purpose. Communication is contextual so, the objective of communication varies in any given situation. This requires adaptation to the situation in terms of ways of expression, means and methods of transmission of information. Effective communication not only transfers information but also transfers understanding of the message. In the present globalised world when we come across real face-to-face and virtual communication situations, it becomes even more important to express and transmit the message effectively across geographical, linguistic and cultural boundaries. An understanding of the types of communication helps us to analyze the complexity of communication in various contexts. We may broadly categorize communication according to the type of context in which it takes place. The two categories are: Interpersonal Communication Mass Communication INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: The communication that occurs between two or more people as unique individuals, where they understand each other on the basis of their uniqueness in behavior is termed as interpersonal communication. Effective interpersonal communication depends on various interpersonal skills including listening, asserting, influencing, persuading, empathizing, negotiating and compassion. Important aspects of communication between individuals include body language and other forms of nonverbal communication. Interpersonal communication can be dyadic or small group communication. The word Dyad refers to a unit constituting two parts, so when communication takes between just two people it is called dyadic communication. In our everyday life we are a part of a small group as a member of family, a work unit or a team at workplace. Though individuals, we are a member of a group in a given context participating and coordinating actively to achieve a common goal. This communicat ion is known as small group communication. The characteristics of interpersonal communication: Interpersonal communication is inevitable: We are in constant communication with individuals around us not only through words but also by our body language (facial expression, gestures, etc.), paralanguage (tone, pitch, silence, etc.). We communicate in spite of our attempt not to communicate. Interpersonal communication is irrevocable: A Russian proverb says, Once a word goes out of your mouth, you can never swallow it again. One cannot take back the words once uttered, the impact stays. Interpersonal communication is intricate: Interpersonal communication is complicated in the sense that it involves psychological context- personality, behaviour, needs, desires, values; social context- an interaction in an annual general meeting will be very distinct from a press release on the companys annual turnover; cultural context- if you come from a culture where it is considered discourteous to make long, direct eye contact, you will out of courtesy evade eye contact. If the other individual comes from a culture where long, direct eye contact indicates credibility then, the cultural differences lead to misunderstanding. Interpersonal communication is interdependent: Communication between two different and unique individuals is always linked and interdependent as the performance of one member of the team decides the performance fate of the entire team. MASS COMMUNICATION: Mass communication occurs when a homogeneous message from a person or a group is transmitted to a large anonymous as well as heterogeneous audience through a special medium. Mass communication is very valuable when advertising a brand or a product for sales promotion through electronic or print medium. Communication, interpersonal or mass communication, both will become non-existent in the absence of forms of communication. The various forms of communication are as follows: Verbal communication Nonverbal communication Verbal communication: When exchange of thoughts, ideas, feelings and emotions takes place through words- spoken or written, the communication is known as verbal communication. Communication through spoken words is known as oral communication whereas communication through written words is known as written communication. Thus verbal communication takes two forms: Oral communication Written communication ORAL COMMUNICATION Definition and Meaning Transmission of thoughts and ideas through spoken words is known as oral communication. Oral communication constitutes 65-75% of an executives time at the work place. A manager spends about 90% of his working hours in oral communication in various formal and informal situations. Meetings, interviews, group discussions, speech, presentations, instructions, etc. are a few examples of formal oral communication situations. Grapevine is an example of informal oral communication. Oral communication also occurs through specific medium such as a face-to-face interaction through video conferencing, videophone or telephone. The way we communicate orally speaks volume about our personality, attitude, and emotional quotient. So, besides words nonverbal communication plays a vital role effective oral communication. Infact, nonverbal communication complements and completes oral communication. Merits of oral communication Oral communication is swift and speedy. It is faster than written communication as messages can be transmitted as well as received simultaneously. Oral communication generates immediate feedback. Direct face-to-face discussion on queries, doubts enhances the efficacy of communication. Oral communication is economical when compared to written communication. It saves the expenses on stationary and administrative formalities. Oral communication provides opportunities to amend and adapt according to the needs and situation. Reading non verbal clues of the audience during oral communication promotes better understanding. A speaker can always reframe the words and rework the tone, pitch for greater clarity of the receiver. Oral communication serves better in negotiations, arriving at a consensus and resolving conflicts. Oral communication is the most appropriate means to healthy interpersonal relations and healthy working environment. Demerits of oral communication Lack of evidence is a major drawback of oral communication. The validity of the message cannot be legally challenged. Oral communication cannot be preserved for long for future reference. Oral communication is not suitable for long messages such as reports, proposals. Human memory is transitory, so its difficult to retain and remember long messages. Oral communication is not a suitable for communicating across geographical boundaries. Communication through telephones or video-conferencing or even traveling long distances is not cost effective. External noise or disturbance in telephone or interference of any kind can reduce the clarity and understanding of the message communicated orally. Personal prejudices, biases, attitudinal problems can hamper proper understanding while communicating orally. Lack of concentration, inattentiveness and anxiety on the part of the receiver can also adversely affect in understanding the message. Senders personality, content and delivery can reduce or enhance the effectiveness of the message. It is difficult to hold people responsible and accountable for the messages communicated orally. One can easily deny and negate oral information. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Definition and Meaning All the words I use in my stories can be found in the dictionary its just a matter of arranging them into the right sentences. -Somerset Maugham When transmission of information takes place in writing/written words, the communication is referred to as written communication. Written communication is not merely a bundle of words or sentences. Words and sentences matter only when the receiver receives, decodes and understands the meaning as intended by the sender. Written communication is all pervasive-it pervades the length and breadth of an organization in the form of rules, regulations, instructions, notices, letters, reports, etc. Written communication is an indispensable part of planning, execution, collaboration, coordination in an organization. It also defines the structure, hierarchy, roles and responsibilities in the organization. Written communication also ensures greater clarity, accuracy, validity, reliability, accountability and long life of the information. Written communication can be formal as well as informal. Examples of written communication in a formal situation: Issuing orders, directives, notices and circulars Implementing decisions like appointments, transfer Making and implementing policy decisions, rules and regulations Directing letters, memorandum Merits of written communication A piece of written communication can be kept as record for future reference for longer period of time. Written communication is legally valid evidence and so can be challenged before law. Written communication avoids ambiguity and maintains uniformity of decisions, policies and procedures. One can always refer back to a written piece of information. So it can be retained for a longer period of time and has a long-lasting impact. Written communication is suitable for long, complicated messages. In todays globalised world where we have virtual teams and virtual managers working across cultural boundaries written communication is more accurate as it avoids misunderstanding arising due to different accent, tone, pitch and other nonverbal elements. One can always be held responsible for the information conveyed in writing for errors, omissions and the consequent misunderstanding. A written message carries more credibility than oral message as it can be produced in situations of dispute. Written communication facilitates decision making as the past records provide requisite information and necessary guidance. Demerits of Written Communication Written communication is time consuming as the sender needs to plan, organize and transmit the message through proper channel. Some times excessive paper work and the message traveling through various nodes in a communication network leads to the delaying of the message. This delay may also give rise to red-tapism. Written communication does not evoke immediate feedback. It is difficult to make changes, corrections and improvisations in the message once transmitted. If there arises a need to change the message, the process is again time consuming. Written communication is not cost effective. Planning, drafting and circulating of a message in large organizations require proper set up and appropriate infrastructural facilities that add to the expenditure. Writing is an art as well a skill; it is inherent and can also be acquired. Lack of clarity, incoherent organization, excessive jargons, and ambiguous language leads to misinterpretation, which in turn hampers the achievement of the desired objective. Effective written communication Clarity, completeness and persuasiveness are the keys to successful written communication. Composing and conveying the ideas to intended audience is a craft. Following are some measures that enhance the effectiveness of written communication: Adapt to the audience: One needs to adapt communication to the needs and expectations of the target audience. Audience analysis reduces the chances of misunderstanding. Adopt YOU Attitude i.e the communication should be audience centered. Replace I, me, mine, our, us by you, your. (examples) Use bias free language; avoid jargons, sms lingo and the internet language. While communicating to global audience on net take account of the cultural and linguistic differences and follow nettiquetes. While communicating unpleasant news always emphasize on the positive aspects of the situation. (examples) Make appropriate use of functional and content words.(examples) Difference between Oral and Written Communication The above differences between oral and written communication do not establish the superiority of one form of communication over the other. A good communicator always makes an attempt to choose the right form of communication to suit the need, objective, and situation. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION When transmission of ideas, thoughts, feelings, emotions takes place without words, the communication is termed as nonverbal communication. We do not always communicate through words- a smile on the face, broadening of eyes, a frown, sitting posture with legs overlapped, body cross etc. speak volumes about an individuals state of mind, attitude, intentions and emotional status. Non verbal communication finds its roots in culture, so it vast and varied in different communities and cultures across the globe. The exhibit below suggests the impact and extent of nonverbal communication and advocates greater

Problems In Todays Society :: essays research papers

Problems In Today's Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many problems right now in the society. Some of these problems can be easily solved, or can be impossible to solve depending how bad it is. Many people think these problems should be solved by the governments, since they are in charge. But we can also solve these problems if we get together. Not all the problems, but some that can be solved. I think the three major problems in the society today are: unemployment, violence, and pollution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first problem in the society right now is unemployment. Many people today are either unemployed or underemployed. Some of these people just stay home and collect their welfare cheque every month, when they should go out and at least try to get a job. If there are more people like this, the country would be poor and therefore the government would have to collect more taxes. Also the standard of living would decrease because of their income that is way below the average income. Right now, there is also a big gap between the low income people and the high income people and this is becoming a problem. Low income people are starting to get lower wages and higher income people are starting to get higher wages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another problem in the society is violence. Today, there are many violence in the streets, some schools, and also in the media. These violence in the streets can cause the neighbourhood to become a bad place to live. This will cause people not to go there or move in there because of these violence. There are also many violence and gangs in some school, causing some of the school to be very unsafe to go. With these violence and gangs, students will probably be afraid of these people. In addition, the media can contain violence too. These violence, can cause kids to do what ever is on TV. For example, my little brother likes to watch wrestling and he sometimes does wrestling moves on me for no reason and thinking it's fun. Even though it doesn't hurt me because I'm bigger than him, he might hurt someone smaller in school or something.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third problem in the society today is pollution. Many things these days cause pollution such as cars, air conditioners, refrigerators, factories, CFC cans, etc.. All these things together can cause a pollution problem in the society today. The CFC cans used to be a serious problem to the ozone layer, but luckily it was taken off the market. Refrigerators and air conditioners are also a problem to the zone because of the liquid called freon.